A View of the Political Power of the Weimar Republic during the Golden Age

A View of the Political Power of the Weimar Republic during the Golden Age â€Å"The Weimar Republic appreciated a brilliant time of political security in the years 1924-28† At the point when the peace negotiation was marked by Germany in 1918, Germany was in a total mess. A maritime uprising broke out in Kiel, and Germany was dove into an upset. A few gatherings mixed for control of Germany. In the long run, the Weimar Republic was framed, it guaranteed a majority rule republic with equivalent rights to every one of its residents. In any case, to state the republic quieted strains and gave political strength post-1918 would be a long way from precise. Hyper-swelling and the cruel terms of the settlement of Versailles prompted expanding hatred towards the recently discovered republic from the German open up to the emergency year of 1923. In any case, history specialists have contended that somewhere in the range of 1924 and 1928, Germany encountered a time of political dependability, this is basically ascribed to Stresemann’s tending to of the hyper-swelling emergency by presenting the Rentenmark, just as American advances and venture from the Daw es plan helping the German economy in recuperating. Anyway pundits have contended that there is nothing of the sort as the â€Å"golden age† and that the Weimar Republic was still in a condition of emergency. A few students of history contend that it is difficult to depict the period in Germany from 1924-1928 as a â€Å"golden time of political solidness â€Å"because there was no steady Government during this period. Over this period there were 9 progressive governments over the course of about 4 years, every one of them being alliance governments. The regular change in authority implied there was no an ideal opportunity for any significant effect on occur as the following Government would scrap what the past Government had been arranging. Also, a portion of the Governments during the period were minority Governments, prompting cases were Governments couldn't pass enactment because of different gatherings gathering to keep it from passing. The absence of solid government during the period featured the shortcoming of German majority rules system and prompted the German open getting disappointed with the foundation. In any case, taking a gander at the period pre-1924, and contrast it with the years 1924-28, unmistakably following 1924, there was a time of developing solidness. Up to 1923, expansion was expanding at an exponential rate with the Government printing increasingly more cash so as to pay of the staggering obligations they held after the settlement of Versailles. The nonstop printing of cash prompted the Deutschmark turning out to be so useless numerous German’s settled on a crude deal economy. Hyper-expansion was just aggravated by the French-Belgium intrusion of the Ruhr. German specialists in the Ruhr took to the streets meaning reparations weren’t being paid; this prompted a joint power of France and Belgium involving the Ruhr. The German government at the time picked a strategy of inactive opposition; they paid the German laborers to remain protesting, yet didn't effectively go up against the involving powers. The impact of uninvolved obstruction was that it prompted much more cash being paid out then the yearly reparation installments cost them, which thus exacerbated the hyper-expansion emergencies When Stresemann became chancellor in 1923 he set up another money, the Rentenmark which balanced out the economy and adequately finished the hyper-swelling emergency. In this way, the emergency time frame up to 1923 is in incredible period with the generally more settled progressively prosperous years from 1924-28. During this â€Å"golden age† genuine wages for Industrial laborers expanded and there was a feeling of freshly discovered thriving, a remarkable inverse of the years paving the way to the brilliant age. Then again, a few history specialists would contend that the supposed financial flourishing of the â€Å"Golden age† wasn’t as prosperous as it is described. Stresemann says in a discourse in no time before his demise â€Å"the financial position is just prospering on the surface,† while the economy developed from 1924-1927 it contracted in 1928; joblessness was a consistent issue, by March 1926 joblessness was at 3 million, this and the divider road crash which happened soon after the brilliant age demonstrate that while the economy appeared to have recuperated, in actuality the establishments it was based on were perilous regardless. All in all, I would contend that while the Weimar Republic had all the earmarks of being all the more politically steady, the truth was that the fleeting flourishing was uniquely because of American speculation, and when the divider road crash happened, Germany couldn't depend on the USA, prompting a monetary catastrophe. In this manner the Weimar Republic delighted in a misguided feeling of political solidness, however no genuine dependability was available.

The American Civil War Essay Example Essay Example

The American Civil War Essay Example Paper The American Civil War Essay Introduction The American Civil War is a subject which numerous artists have tended to in section. What isolates Lowell’s ‘For The Union Dead’ from the scores of other Civil War sonnets isn't just the complex interlacing of period and contemporary occasions so as to make a social critique on change, which give the sonnet a solid cutting edge reverberation, yet additionally the exact and polysemic lexis Lowell utilizes so as to interface distinctive timeframes.In 1964, four years after he originally read ‘For The Union Dead’ in broad daylight, Lowell expressed in a letter: â€Å"In my sonnet For The Union Dead, I mourn the loss of the old Abolitionist soul; the awful foul play, in the at various times, of the American treatment of the Negro is the best criticalness to me as a man and a writer.†. By depicting the â€Å"loss† of such a soul, Lowell additionally uncovers what has supplanted it in current Boston; a revolting obsession with industrialism. His juxtaposition of the unselfish and courageous penance of Colonel Shaw and his all-dark 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry against the ethical decay of current Boston, of a rose-colored past against a tragic present, is a ceaseless topic in the sonnet. He depicts the bronze landmark commending their valor as â€Å"(sticking) like a fishbone in the city’s throat†, proceeding to express that the Colonel â€Å"is beyond the field of play now†; in the two occurrences, Lowell suggests the way that the praiseworthy qualities which the Colonel and his men represented are disregarded by present day society, that human instinct has declined into rough materialism.This degeneration is indicated further by Lowell’s hateful portrayal of the structure of a carport underneath the Boston Common, which is possessed by the individuals of Boston instead of the city itself. The development of the carport during the 60s was dependent upon intense and eventually fruitle ss dissent, as it was viewed as an encroachment of the people’s rights. The subject of improper industrialism repeats in this scornful depiction: â€Å"Parking spaces abound like city sandpiles in the core of Boston.† Lowell sees his city decreased to a toy for virtuous designers who have no idea for culture or legacy. One more case of this audacious commercialization is the reference to the Mosler Safe, which is publicized and celebrated because of WWII. This is compared against the commemoration, indiscreetly â€Å"propped by a board splint†. This subject isn't just pertinent to Boston, however generally appropriate; in reality, with the consistently expanding accentuation on material riches in current life, the sonnet may have significantly more noteworthy pertinence today. Through the all inclusive appropriateness of its subjects, at that point, Lowell’s sonnet shows the â€Å"qualities of durability† which permits abstract attempts to be broad ly regarded as â€Å"valuable†.In option to this huge scope authentic juxtaposition, there is an individual juxtaposition between the kid Lowell and the grown-up Lowell, adding another layer of intricacy to the sonnet as the genuine and enthusiastic connect with one another. The Aquarium is fundamental here, not just displaying the temporariness of the world we live in as modernisation pushes human ‘advancement’, however indicating how even inside Lowell’s lifetime, the world has changed to the point of being unrecognizable; the fish of his adolescence are gone, and all that is left is the â€Å"bronze weathervane cod† which has â€Å"lost a large portion of its scales†; they have been supplanted by â€Å"yellow dinosaur steamshovels. snorting. behind their cage† and â€Å"giant finned cars†. The substitution of the aware fish from the Aquarium with these mechanical monsters of the cutting edge period runs corresponding to the p reviously mentioned degeneration of human instinct, and together they outline the vanishing of the universe of Lowell’s adolescence, just as and Colonel Shaw’s lifetime. On an individual level also, at that point, Lowell depicts the change which has come to fruition in the course of his life with incredible cynicism. At this individual level, however, there are likewise components of progression inside the distinctive time periods which Lowell depicts melancholically. As a youngster he watches the fish behind the glass, as a grown-up he sees the â€Å"drained countenances of younger students rise like balloons† through a TV screen; in the two circumstances he is baffled by his own helplessness.Lowell likewise presents progression with respect to the way that notwithstanding the American Civil War was won by the Abolitionists, isolation was as yet existent at the hour of composing; he passes on nauseate at the way that while America’s delicate feeling of l egacy and culture is demolished for the sake of innovative ‘advancement’ (the steamshovels and vehicles), prejudice remains. The way that the Boston Common carport is geologically near the bronze dedication for the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers Infantry implies that the connection between the two is legitimized and established in all actuality, the connection being that in spite of the fact that the carport would recommends headway, it really speaks to a retrogressive advance for Boston, and the memorial’s place in an America which despite everything incites isolation shows that America is as yet stuck in its biased past. Lowell’s layering of pictures, juxtapositions and equals across different time spans, and the split among recorded and individual, permits the sonnet to be a perplexing assortment of thoughts adding to a similar focal twin goals concerning imbalance and temporariness. A â€Å"complex intertwining. of ideas† which means esteem, at t hat point, can be unmistakably recognized in Lowell’s poem.Another highlight of ‘valued’ writing, nearby complex thoughts, is intricacy in language and word decision. There can be little uncertainty that Lowell has decided to put certain words in specific places in the sonnet, that he is a â€Å"craftsperson. in order of (his) writing†. Indeed, even the initial line, the epigraph â€Å"Relinquunt Omnia Servare Rem Publicam† is an altered rendition of the epigraph on the real dedication â€Å"Reinquit Omnia Servare Rem Publicam†. Lowell’s correction turns â€Å"He surrendered all to serve the Republic†, alluding to Colonel Shaw into â€Å"They surrendered all to serve the Republic†, alluding to the whole 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Indeed, even in this minor change, at that point, the focal topics of racial equity is tended to, just as the grit of the troopers which is so regularly recognized in Civil War sonnet s. Proof of Lowell’s cognizant choice to choose definite words can likewise be seen by the reiteration of words inside the sonnet, to either fortify or negate a point recently made. While portraying his experience of the fish at the Aquarium, Lowell composes that his hand â€Å"tingled†, and while depicting the Statehouse when the development works for the carport are happening, Lowell likewise says it is â€Å"tingling†. The previous utilization of the word recommends essentialness and fervor, while the last use proposes both the strict and representative sabotaging of majority rule esteems, of equality.The first line and the second to last line additionally use this redundancy, this time â€Å"Servare† and â€Å"servility†. Here, Shaw’s municipal fortitude, his respectable barrier of his convictions and his nation, is differentiated against the â€Å"savage servility† of the vehicles. â€Å"Savage servility† is a dumbfounding depiction which features both the hopeless, barbarous, asocial nature of current life and the inclination of danger which Lowell feels goes with this modernisation. The arrangement of these comparing words toward the start and end of the sonnet serve to represent the change which Lowell endeavors to show the peruser all through the sonnet. A last and more subtle example of such reiteration comes, as opposed to toward the start and end of the sonnet, in a solitary sentence: â€Å"on Boylston Street, a business photo/Shows Hiroshima bubbling/over a Mosler Safe†. â€Å"Boylston† and â€Å"boiling† isn't reiteration from a severe perspective; it is a case of sound similarity. Boylston Street is a significant business community in Boston, thus the insatiability depicted by the Mosler â€Å"Hiroshima boiling† notice is obviously reflected by this center point of private enterprise. It is clear, at that point, that Lowell has shaped the sonnet with a fastidious ness of the most noteworthy request, giving the sonnet a lot of ‘value’.There is, nonetheless, an issue with the sonnet regarding esteem. Lowell’s sonnet incorporates private insights concerning Boston and the Civil War at the danger of estranging perusers who are curious about either, for example an English peruser with no information on the Civil War or Boston. The English peruser would then need to examination into the Civil War and Boston so as to comprehend the sonnet even at its most essential level. This could imply that the apparent estimation of the sonnet is decreased for this peruser. Michael Foucault unquestionably holds this view, setting that every single artistic content presentation â€Å"enunciative poverty†, in that they definitely can't pass on full importance or portrayal, and that â€Å"it is pundits themselves. who rehash again and again the message which the content itself neglected to tell†, that these pundits compensate for a poet’s absence of exactness in craft.However, the obliviousness of the peruser can't lessen the estimation of a sonnet; it is the reader’s duty to fill in holes in their insight and in this way completely appreciate the worth and multifaceted nature of the sonnet. Foucault additionally questions that the essayist is in finished control of the composition, contending rather that certain â€Å"literary conventions. financial and artistic pressures† impact the content. Once more, if Foucault’s set

Hamilton County Judges free essay sample

Three significant court frameworks in Hamilton County were checked on inside and out, and case data from the Common Pleas, Domestic Relations, and Municipal Courts were explored. This investigation orders data from 38 Judges who had a sum of 182,908 cases introduced to them over a multi year time span. This investigation shows the quantity of cases that were arranged, requested, and turned around. This examination is to help in figuring out which judges have a more noteworthy capability attempting cases and their decisions remain as rendered, as opposed to the decisions being offered or reversed.Each makes a decision about case load was assessed and the insights were dictated by what number of cases have been advanced, turned around or a combination of both. This data will help decide the appointed authorities who have made the least, just as the most blunders, while serving in the Hamilton County Court System over the multi year time frame. This investigation will show that for all the arranged cases in the Hamilton County Court System during the multi year assessment period, the Common Pleas Court the likelihood of a case being claimed and turned around is 0. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hamilton County Judges or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 1129 (11. 29%); Domestic Relations Courts likelihood of a case being bid and turned around is 0. 604 (16. 04%); Municipal Court likelihood of a case being bid and turned around is 0. 2080(20. 80%). In the Domestic Relations Court, proof proposes that Ronald Panioto has the most reduced likelihood of a case that he regulates being given an intrigue and switched, and Patrick Dinkelacker has the most elevated likelihood for a situation that he manages being given an intrigue and turned around. In the Municipal Court, proof recommends that Karla Grady and Deidre Hair have the least likelihood of a case that they manage being given an intrigue and switched, and John A. West has the most noteworthy likelihood for a situation that he administers being given an intrigue and reversed.The motivation behind this investigation was to illuminate the paper regarding the measure of times botches happened in this legal framework, and educate them regarding which judges were having a high pace of their cases advanced or toppled; thusly this demonstrated which judges were committing such a large number of errors, and which judges were making an agreeable showing. A high rate or level of administering inversions because of blunders can be unfavorable in the equity framework, by discharging lawbreakers on details, who in any case would be detained. In these three court frameworks alone, out of 182,908 cases, 2,368 were claimed and 320 of those cases brought about converse choices.

Lucretiuss View about the Roman Agriculture

Lucretius accepted that the universe comprised of particles which game plan had happened by some coincidence. Furthermore, he held the conviction that change and rot were inevitable.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Lucretius’s View about the Roman Agriculture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These attestations framed a tenet that was like the cutting edge idea of entropy. Lucretius depicted the manner in which human exercises in the Roman farming interfaced with the earth and brought about serious land corruption. Lucretius contended that craftsmanship and science, which emerged through experimentation, were dependent upon comparable crumbling as the materials accessible to the two controls (Krech et al. 768). It implies that similarly as the manner in which logical standards came about because of experimentation, horticulture couldn't encourage the development of the Roman economy and protect nature simultaneously. Lucretius contended t hat it was hard to embrace farming in Rome since land barrenness was expanding. A few ranchers admitted to Lucretius that the last gathers were unique to those of the past seasons. This was not a negligible talk thinking about that essayists on the Roman farming likewise featured the decrease in land efficiency either because of the land being old or as a result of humans’ inability to safeguard the accessible land. This suggested Lucretius’s notions about the Roman horticulture were reasonable since even the ranchers themselves affirmed that land barrenness was eminent.Advertising Looking for article on antiquated history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the Roman agribusiness, the compatibility of the unexploited land drove ranchers to chop down trees on the slope and convert forests into rural fields and nibbling grounds (Krech et al. 769). Lucretius expressed that woodcutters limited the timberland to t he mountain, leaving the lower regions for cultivating purposes. In this way, Lucretius concentrated on the deforestation of Italy during the Roman Empire time frame. He suggested that as the Romans endeavored to utilize present day innovation in cultivating, they were leaving the greater part of the land fruitless and along these lines energized desertification. Lucretius contended that mining came about because of the Roman’s mission for extension in this way a large portion of the horticultural land endured corruption. This inferred as the Romans kept building up their economy, they influenced nature adversely. Lucretius depicted the revelation of metals after people set woods ablaze and watched the metal-mineral liquefying with liquid metal leaking out of the earth’s breaks. Individuals explored different avenues regarding their new disclosure and discovered that they could make instruments and weapons just as decorations. Besides, Lucretius portrayed mines which c ontained perilous poisons that polluted the air. Notwithstanding, mines didn't just transmit foul smell, yet in addition influenced diggers and diminished their future. This infers human obstruction with nature presents bothersome results (Krech et al. 769).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Lucretius’s View about the Roman Agriculture explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lucretius accepted that nature supplanted the endeavors received by people. In his view, every single human work would lie in ruins since no changeless improvement could exude from people’s endeavors since history is a procedure of decrease. Furthermore, Lucretius guessed that either Gods or Aristotelian reason had quit managing nature. He saw that early people were more advantageous contrasted with those of his time despite the fact that the everyday environments of past ages were crude. Lucretius contended that mankind became acculturated not because of adhering to some law of progress, yet by reacting to preliminaries that nature made people face. End Lucretius reasoned that the most suitable approach to adapt to cataclysmic events and better people’s life was to look for natural clarification for each wonder and stay mollified with the present request of things. He saw that independent of the humans’ visitor to oversee different parts of their lives, nature consistently flourished (Krech III et al. 768). Works Cited Krech III, Shepard, McNeill, John Robert and Carolyn Merchant. Reference book of World Environmental History: A †E. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print This article on Lucretius’s View about the Roman Agriculture was composed and put together by client Diamond Bishop to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Abortions Pros and Cons Essay -- Abortion Reasearch Papers

          Nowadays, in this world, there are a ton of issues that can make gigantic clashes for people. They are exceptionally confounded and bring a great deal of contention and no one realizes what the specific answer is. They likewise have upsides and downsides. One of the most mind boggling issues is fetus removal. This is because of good and moral qualities which we as a whole have. Most of us are Christians or are raised in that sort of mood which implies that as little kids we were instructed values that depend on the book of scriptures, for example, that celebrated expression â€Å"Thou will not kill†. This expression identifies with this point on the grounds that a premature birth is the homicide of a person.      A 52% of ladies getting premature births performed on them are more youthful than 25 years of age and 19% are young people. The premature birth rate is most elevated for those ladies matured 18 to 19 (56 for each 1,000 of every 1992 pregnancy centers.org).the purposes behind this disturbing rate are different and change from individual to individual. Yet, the most widely recognized choice to have a fetus removal is to delay childbearing. This choice is for the most part picked by the more seasoned gathering of ladies in this measurement. Another disturbing reality is that a level of ladies are been forced into premature birth. Either by peers or by them understanding that they could no longer do the things they did before they got pregnant and that is the point at which they experience a battle with their qualities. Since there is likewise a circumspect level of young ladies having premature births they are at high hazard for creating genuine passionate and mental issu es following fetus removal. For example, the effect premature birth can have on a minor's enthusiastic wellbeing, physical wellbeing, ripeness, and future pregnancies. Every one of these components can assume a significant job later on for that young person. The entirety of this wouldn’t have been conceivable without the Roe v. Swim case which in 1973, the Supreme Court chose the instance of Roe v. Swim, and made premature birth lawful without precedent for the United States. This choice permitted ladies the decision to choose if they will end a pregnancy, and it permitted ladies the option to get a sheltered and legitimate premature birth. From 1880 to 1973 premature births were illicit, and numerous ladies were having unlawful and risky premature births frequently making lasting harm their conceptive organs or once in a while even passing from I draining or diseases. Since the choice was passed on by the Supreme Court, ladies' entrance to fetus removal ha... ...); restricting of premature births for certain reasons(law.com/fetus removal laws)      Abortion is a critical issue in our life since it may transpire, even to our family members . We see in only one issue, fetus removal, there are a great deal of upsides and downsides. There is still no end on the grounds that the two sides of the contention be can be seen from numerous perspectives. On the off chance that you are one who bolsters Pro-life or Pro-decision gathering, you can't pass judgment if the other gathering has an alternate perspective despite the fact that we despite everything tend to do this . Individuals can't pass judgment on Pro-life individuals as a people who have no regard for human inclination since they would not permit a lady who had been assaulted to have a premature birth. Then again individuals can't state that Pro-decision is a superior gathering since they are increasingly mindful of human needs. Individuals will never know the sentiments of ladies who have had a premature birth except if they are the ones that are confronting the fetus removal choice. To confront this issue, individuals need to invest their energy in the central matters of each gathering to think and to weigh the two sides to settle on the best choice and fro there go with what best suits your style of reasoning or qualities after all the decision is yours.  â â â â Premature births Pros and Cons Essay - Abortion Reasearch Papers           Nowadays, in this world, there are a great deal of issues that can make enormous clashes for individuals. They are convoluted and bring a great deal of contention and no one realizes what the specific answer is. They additionally have advantages and disadvantages. One of the most intricate issues is fetus removal. This is because of good and moral qualities which we as a whole have. Most of us are Christians or are raised in that sort of climate which implies that as little kids we were instructed values that depend on the good book, for example, that well known expression â€Å"Thou will not kill†. This expression identifies with this subject in light of the fact that a fetus removal is the homicide of an individual.      A 52% of ladies getting premature births performed on them are more youthful than 25 years of age and 19% are youngsters. The premature birth rate is most elevated for those ladies matured 18 to 19 (56 for each 1,000 out of 1992 pregnancy centers.org).the explanations behind this disturbing rate are different and change from individual to individual. Be that as it may, the most widely recognized choice to have a fetus removal is to delay childbearing. This choice is generally picked by the more seasoned gathering of ladies in this measurement. Another disturbing reality is that a level of ladies are been constrained into premature birth. Either by peers or by them understanding that they could no longer do the things they did before they got pregnant and that is the point at which they experience a battle with their qualities. Since there is likewise an obliging level of adolescent young ladies having premature births they are at high hazard for creating genuine enthus iastic and mental issues following fetus removal. For example, the effect premature birth can have on a minor's passionate wellbeing, physical wellbeing, richness, and future pregnancies. Every one of these elements can assume a significant job later on for that youngster. The entirety of this wouldn’t have been conceivable without the Roe v. Swim case which in 1973, the Supreme Court chose the instance of Roe v. Swim, and made fetus removal lawful without precedent for the United States. This choice permitted ladies the decision to choose if they will end a pregnancy, and it permitted ladies the option to get a sheltered and lawful premature birth. From 1880 to 1973 premature births were illicit, and numerous ladies were having unlawful and perilous premature births regularly making changeless harm their regenerative organs or now and then even demise from I draining or diseases. Since the choice was passed on by the Supreme Court, ladies' entrance to premature birth ha... ...); denying of premature births for certain reasons(law.com/fetus removal laws)      Abortion is a huge issue in our life since it may transpire, even to our family members . We see in only one issue, premature birth, there are a ton of upsides and downsides. There is still no end in light of the fact that the two sides of the contention be can be seen from numerous perspectives. On the off chance that you are one who bolsters Pro-life or Pro-decision gathering, you can't pass judgment if the other gathering has an alternate perspective despite the fact that we despite everything tend to do this . Individuals can't pass judgment on Pro-life individuals as a people who have no regard for human inclination since they would not permit a lady who had been assaulted to have a fetus removal. Then again individuals can't state that Pro-decision is a superior gathering since they are progressively mindful of human needs. Individuals will never know the sentiments of ladies who have had a premature birth except if they are the ones that are confronting the fetu s removal choice. To confront this issue, individuals need to invest their energy in the central matters of each gathering to think and to weigh the two sides to settle on the best choice and fro there go with what best suits your style of reasoning or qualities after all the decision is yours.  â â â â

NM u

NM u Most of my weeks at MIT have been crazy and cool and full of interesting things about which I cant wait to blog. The rest of the weeks, though, are less jam-packed. I just go about my routine running, reading, meetings and spend my nights awake with worry about how little I have to blog. Last Wednesday, I knew it was supposed to snow pretty much all day, so I curled up in Hayden with Moll Flanders. I usually sit up on the second floor, near the M-Z section of Current Periodicals so I can treat myself to New York Magazine during my breaks. Also, here I get an amazing view of Memorial Drive, the Charles River, and Boston. There are also several small balcony sections from which you can get a nice view of the whole second floor. At night, I put on my totally awesome red rainboots and trudged to the BPL (Boston Public Library) for the John Adams exhibit. I have to admit, it is pretty nifty to watch other people try to tiptoe around and hopscotch over these giant puddles when I just stomp right through them. I guess Lord Acton was right absolute power corrupts absolutely. Around Copley Square I saw a news crew filming, and since my secret life goal #11 is to get on television, I made a big show jumping in the puddles with the hopes of getting on the evening news. No such luck. The news anchor smiled and waved at me, but the person I was with obviously thought I was nuts. So I realize that the first paragraph of this entry makes it sound like I didnt find the John Adams exhibit exciting, which is not true. Its just not MIT-related excitement. There was lots of Ivy League drama at the exhibit: For present-day Ivy League drama, check out IvyGate. (Lets see how long I can keep this link up before I get in trouble. Ready. Go!)

The Ultimate List of Art Scholarships for Performing and Visual Art

Art scholarships can make a world of difference when your student wants to pursue their dream and graduate debt-free. There are a surprising number of scholarships for art majors and talented artists, including those pursuing non-artistic degrees.Here is the ultimate list of art and design scholarships, including everything from scholarships for art majors to awards for students who excel in performing and visual arts.Contents1 General Art Scholarships2 Photography Scholarships3 Dance Scholarships4 Graphic Design Scholarships5 Visual Art Scholarships6 Drawing Scholarships7 Performing Arts Scholarships8 Interior Design Scholarships9 Fashion Design Scholarships10 Fine Art ScholarshipsGeneral Art ScholarshipsThis general art scholarships category focuses on scholarships that arent limited to one or a few art niches or majors. Instead, these cover a broader range of artistic pursuits, making them worth exploring for any artistic student.Heres a list of fantastic art and creative scholars hips that dont focus solely on one area:Against the Grain ScholarshipArchibald Rutledge Scholarship ProgramArts for Life! ScholarshipBerrien Fragos Thorn Arts Scholarship for Migrant FarmworkersBuddy Pierce and Maggie P. Speight Scholarship Fund for the ArtsDorian De Long Arts Music Scholarship Lammot Belin Arts ScholarshipFranklin County Arts Guild ScholarshipGold Grant ScholarshipHEEF: Arts ScholarshipY. Carter Excellence in the Arts Scholarship FundLarry McDonald ScholarshipOrange County Community Foundation Math, Science, and Arts ScholarshipRose J. Navratil Art Scholarship FundSub Pop Loser ScholarshipThe Virginia E. Lewis Scholarship FundYoung American Creative Patriotic Art ScholarshipPhotography ScholarshipsPhotography scholarships can focus on either artistic shots or photojournalist approaches to photography. Here are some of the scholarships worth exploring:AIGA WorldStudio ScholarshipsJanie Moore Greene Scholarship GrantLucie Scholarship ProgramMarion Barr Stanfield Art ScholarshipNPPF ScholarshipsPauly DOrlando Memorial Art ScholarshipThe James Alan Cox Foundation for Student PhotojournalistsDance ScholarshipsDance scholarships commonly focus on students who intend to study dance in school. However, some of these also work for students studying a variety of physical or musical pursuits as well. Here is a list of scholarships worth exploring:J. Hancock Music FundMary Benevento ScholarshipNicole Marie Falbo Memorial Scholarship FundRuth Abernathy Presidential ScholarshipThe Caroline H. Newhouse Scholarship FundGraphic Design ScholarshipsThese scholarships specifically include graphic design majors or those with skills in that area. Here are some graphic design scholarships your student should check out:AIGA WorldStudio ScholarshipsAndy and Julie Plata Honorary Scholarship#LiveLikeLyly Memorial ScholarshipTLMI ScholarshipsVisual Art ScholarshipsVisual art scholarships can cover a variety of artistic specialties, including painting, drawing, and illu stration. However, many of them require students to be visual arts majors to qualify.If your student is looking for visual art scholarships, here are some to get them started:Betty Harlan Memorial ScholarshipCINTAS Foundation Fellowship in Visual ArtsConcordia College Visual Arts ScholarshipGregori Jakovina ScholarshipJack D. Motteler ScholarshipLaurie P. Poole Scholarship for the Visual Arts FundRic Ulrich and Chuck Pischke ScholarshipThe Patricia Van Kirk Memorial ScholarshipDrawing ScholarshipsDrawing and illustration scholarships are out there, so your student can pursue these along with general art scholarships or some of them that focus on the visual arts if they have drawing skills. If your student doesnt know where to begin, here are several that are worth checking out:AIGA WorldStudio ScholarshipsMarion Barr Stanfield Art ScholarshipPauly DOrlando Memorial Art ScholarshipSociety of Illustrators ScholarshipPerforming Arts ScholarshipsWhether your student adores theater, musi c, or anything else involving a stage, performing arts scholarships can make their education more affordable. Here are some scholarships your student should explore:CWRU Theater ScholarshipsDonna Reed Performing Arts ScholarshipsEducational Theatre Association ScholarshipsEugene Babe Fabrizi Fund to Educate Music StudentsGeorgia Thespians ScholarshipsJack Kent Cooke Young Artist Award ScholarshipJACL National Scholarship ProgramPittsburgh Playhouse Plus Scholarship FundThe Patricia Van Kirk Memorial ScholarshipInterior Design ScholarshipsThere are a surprising number of interior design scholarships, including some that focus on niches like lighting or furniture design. If your student has an interest in this area, here are some design scholarships they should check out:ASID Foundation ScholarshipBienenstock Furniture Library Scholarship ProgramIFDA-EF ScholarshipsRobert W. Thunen Memorial ScholarshipSuzanne M. Lynch Memorial Scholarship FundFashion Design ScholarshipsFashion design majors have a few unique scholarships available. Here are some fashion design scholarships that can make your students college education more affordable:Geoffrey Beene Foundation National Scholarships#LiveLikeLyly Memorial ScholarshipNCA Costume Design ScholarshipTwo Ten Higher Education Footwear Design ScholarshipsFine Art ScholarshipsScholarships for fine arts students are typically more common than some other specialty areas. However, they are often restricted to fine arts majors, so not everyone may qualify.Heres a list of fine art scholarships:ARC ScholarshipCatherine W. Pierce ScholarshipCynthia and Alan Baran Fine Arts and Music Scholarship FundIowa Scholarship for the ArtsJim McBroom and John H. Weston Charitable Fund of the Oregon Community Foundation ScholarshipKrylon Clear Choice Art ScholarshipMarion Barr Stanfield Art ScholarshipMcMillen ScholarshipPauly DOrlando Memorial Art ScholarshipStacey Scholarship FundTLMI ScholarshipsIts important to note that, as with any scho larship, art scholarships can all have additional eligibility criteria beyond being strong in a specific artistic area. Some are limited by the students major. Others restricted by age, gender, education level, financial need, and a variety of other eligibility requirements.Before your student applies to any art scholarships, they need to read the requirements carefully. That way, they can make sure they qualify before they start the application, ensuring they focus their energy toward awards that they could potentially win.If you and your student want to learn more about where to find art scholarships or other opportunities,sign up for our free college scholarship webinar! Go to http://thescholarshipsystem.com/freewebinar to reserve your spot today.

Teens And The Media Essay - 836 Words

Portrayal of Teens in the Media The media, that giant intimidating creation has taken the stereotypes of teens, the way people view teens, and the way we view ourselves, and has turned it into a delusional monster. The media at this point in time portrays teenagers as generally bad. Well to be honest, not generally bad, but mostly horrible. We are seen as the cause for alarm and trouble in society. The media portrays us as manic delinquents with no solid past and no concrete future. The main points of teenagers that are warped into a lie are appearance and generalization of actions. The media spreads the idea that just because some teens choose to get more piercing done, or a tattoo, or decide to get a different hair color that it is†¦show more content†¦Teenagers are seen as immature and with no future. But are we not more mature than our adult role models by not generalizing about them? I admit that I personally know a few people that have made some choices that have resulted in jail sentences and other consequences. Just because there are a few teenagers like that does not mean that we are all alike in that aspect. Another misconception about teenagers is that the inner city or black teens are involved in gangs. This is one of the lowest and cheapest misinterpretations. Generalizing by race and where people live (and in turn generalizing because of social class) makes me sick. I see this as a pitiful portrayal and a complete lie. The media also portrays teens as spending their time doing nothing. They put us in shows and in commercials in groups of three or four, complete with the previously discussed tattoos and loose pants, just sitting around doing nothing. They send the message across that we are basically just a quot;crime waiting to happen.quot; Which is not the case. About 98% of the teens I know responsibly arrange and map out their plans. Very few of them sit around with no job waiting to do something wrong. Another part of this misinterpretation is the attitude of teenagers in general. The media portrays general teenage attitude (which is portrayed as hating all forms of authority and not wanting to listen to anyone) as going hand in hand with crime and delinquency. On aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Media on Teens844 Words   |  3 Pageswith teens that live in harsh neighborhoods. These behaviors are seem in teens everywhere from every background and culture. Violence in today’s society is looked at as such a normal thing but it really has a huge effect on the violence that teenager encounter as well as a change in their cultural beliefs. Teen culture is changing in big ways as the media continues to provide more ways to show and encourage violence. The impact of the media’s view on violent crimes has a strong impact on teen cultureRead MoreThe Impact of Media on Teens3822 Words   |  16 PagesThe Impact of the Media on Teenagers Ashley J. Sanchez-Menjivar Mr. Tramble HSP3M1-01 Friday, December 14, 2012. Many adolescent teens are exposed to numerous encounters with the media that have a negative impact on their judgments, actions, and opinions. This is referring to the video games, movies, television shows, and magazines that surround them everyday. We begin to discover how it effects their decisions and behaviors. Adolescence is a time when young people are identifying importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Teens867 Words   |  4 Pages Social media has disadvantages and advantages to it. It can be misused for unnecessary things. Social media can be used to raise awareness for an important cause, but it can also be used to spread hate, especially among teenagers. A lot of heat has been shared through social media. One of the most popular problems is cyber bullying, more cyberbullying happened to younger teens who have no business being on social media. However, social media can connect young generation to the world and help themRead MoreImpact of Social Media on Teens99 8 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The surfacing of social media network changed the world ways of interaction by storm, leading to more revolution than predicated. It has brought different people from different homes conversation and discussion at one home. But its effects are more felt in many homes across the world and the United States is not excluded. A lot of concerns have been voiced about the social media network sites taking over in our lives. Above all, the major issue that has been overlook is the changingRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 PagesTV series â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and Pregnant† has spiked the rate of pregnant teens around 2006 and 2007 when the producers launched the first show 16 and pregnant. This lead to questioning if the hit TV show was affecting the young viewers sexual habits. Parents should enforce what their kids watch on TV, parents definitely have a say in what their underage kids can and can’t watch. There is evidence that raises concerns on sexual behavior. There are ways to reduce the bad impact media can provideRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Media On Teens836 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media is the reason for many of the world’s problems and solutions. Technology is taking over teens lives. Teens are so addicted to their smartphones. You could be outside on a walk and you look around and so many people are on their phones. When people are on walks they should be socializing with whoever they are with or they should be enjoying nature and should not be looking down at their phones. We believe that people should turn off their phones and socialize with others. People can getRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Teens951 Words   |  4 Pageseffects does social media have on on teens? After reading the book Mediated by Thomas de Zengotita I had realized the over the too use of social media, by teens today, social media is leading to unhealthy mental and physical si de effects. It is important to publicly state these effects in order to alert parents of what is happening to their teen. Through reading several articles on the subject, I quickly found and examined these unfavorable side effects, by constantly using social media people are becomingRead MoreEffects Of Social Media On Teens1141 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Chapman English 1301 30 October 2017 Social Media’s effect on Teens Social media drives the very existence of our generation. With the new age of technology, teen usage of phones and other devices has been exponentially increasing in the past years. More and more teens can gain instant access to social media because of this era of technology. This era has changed the way our world runs today; however negatively social media takes its toll as well. This is due to the cause of an uprising in technologyRead MoreMedia s Effect On Teens986 Words   |  4 PagesThe American media industry generates approximately 600 billion dollars annually through its programming and advertisements. The economic system of the United States and tough market competition have led to a massive media boom, and being the largest industry in the United States in terms of revenue, The media have been successful in corrupting people’s mind, with young teens being the largest group of victims. In the current situation, our economic, social and political decisions are widely beingRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Teens And Children1477 Words   |  6 Pagesstations, portraying sexual intercourse as acceptable behavior. They are found all over the media today. Not only is this type of media affecting the minds of teenagers, but also the young minds of our nation’s children. Media is spewing misleading information to the minds of our teens and children; abstinence is no longer being pursued. Sexual intercourse is more common now than it was decades ago. Our teens need to be taught the truth of these misconceptions and myths, because we are in a new era

Margaret Sanger s Revolution For Women s Rights

Margaret Sanger’s Revolution for Women’s Rights Today the world’s population consists of more than seven billion people living on Earth, half of which are of men and the other half women. Now imagine living in a world where those seven billion people didn’t have rights connected to their own bodies. In the field of reproductive rights, imagine if there was no form of contraceptives, birth control, or any type of sexual education information to the public. The world would be in shambles being over-populated beyond capacity for life on Earth. This have might have been the case if it weren’t for the advocate in her field called Margaret Sanger. Sanger was a wife, mother, nurse, entrepreneur, and founder of world wide organization known as†¦show more content†¦Upon becoming a nurse she took care of many poor families in the urban overcrowded streets of families that lived in New York. One particular case she always told was the story of Sadie Sachs which influenced her to really do something about women’s rights and control over their own bodies. That influenced me to pick her to write and research about her. As the story went Sanger said, â€Å"Sadie had developed an infection from an illegal abortion and begged Sanger and the doctor to tell her how to prevent another child, thinking it would kill her. The doctor scoffed at her remark and promptly left, leaving Sachs with Sanger. She begged for her to tell her a way to prevent conception, but Sanger could not tell her anything, as it was illegal,† (Katzive, 2015, p. 128). She felt enraged by how she couldn’t simply help a women in need of wanting to learn how to prevent herself from having any more children. After the incident she met her future husband, William Sanger and together they had three children. Not only did William give Margaret the gift of children and a family, but also gave her the opportunity to finally share her knowledge of the top ic pertaining to women and the use of contraception. Since William belonged the Socialist Party, Sanger became affiliated with The New York Call. This was a socialist newspaper where not only did she write a column on birth control, but later she got an opportunity to create her own newspaper which was called The Woman Rebel.Show MoreRelatedMargaret Sanger s The Most Merciful Thing That A Family725 Words   |  3 PagesMelanie Chiari February 9, 2016 Period 4 Margaret Sanger â€Å"The most merciful thing that a family does to one of its infant members is to kill it.† Sanger was against abortion she believed it was an evil practice they did on women. Margret Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizationsRead MoreBirth Control And Reproductive Rights1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1900 s Margaret Sanger revolutionized the lives of women forever by securing the rights of women to control their own fertility and the rights of a child to be wanted. Today we take birth control for granted and it is indeed a right that we give little or no thought too therefore It is difficult to imagine Sangers struggle to introduce birth control and reproductive rights in the U.S.A as being fraught with controversy and causing her to be pursued as a criminal. The Comstock ActRead MoreBirth Control And The Pregnancy Prevention1284 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have been fighting for their rights. They fought for their right to speak publicly, their right to work, and their right to vote. Today, women have the rights to control their lives as they wish. However, as close as the early 1900’s, women still did not have the basic right to control their fertility. Working as a nurse, Margaret Sanger believed that women should maintain the right to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancies. Margaret Sanger is The Woman RebelRead MoreA Speech That Made History1553 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans were beginning to gain some basic human rights, and women were very slowly starting to gain equality with men. Women were now able to get jobs, but they were still not fully in control of their own bodies. There was a lot of (was much) controversy over topics such as pre-marital sex, birth control, and abortion, and these controversies were part of what le d Margaret Sanger to give her speech about the morality of birth control in the early 1920s. Sanger used many different techniques in her speechRead MoreMargaret Sanger And Birth Control During The Industrial Revolution979 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the early 1900’s many women would get pregnant without any means of doing so. Most of the women that were becoming pregnant were financially unstable and could not afford to support another child. In order for women to feed their large families they began to work and on top of working they had to take care of things at home. Countless kids that came from large families were forced into child labor in order to help support their families. These women were forced to become mothers when theyRead MoreGKT Task 12406 Words   |  10 Pagesï‚â€" Manicheism ï‚â€" Nestorianism ï‚â€" Islam (travelchinaguide.com, 2014) The Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) ï‚â€"Thesis Statement: The Cuban Revolution represents a modern day rebellion against a corrupt governmental system that used its power and authority to flourish while the commoners of Cuba struggled with poverty. (Minster, 2014) Key Players of the Cuban Revolution ï‚â€"Fulgencio Batista, president of Cuba in 1940’s, with return to power amidst a military coup in 1952. ï‚â€"Fidel Castro, a disgruntledRead MoreBirth Control Movement : Margaret Sanger1980 Words   |  8 Pageslike Margaret Sanger. She and other birth control activists would fight for women’s access to birth control through the 20th century which has gone on to affect American women today. In order to analyze the affect that birth control has had on America, it is necessary to look at the works of Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement of the progressive era. A good primary source with information that assesses the birth control movement is the collection of anonymous letters sent to Margaret SangerRead MoreEugenics and Planned Parenthood Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagessociety was to create the perfect class of men; elite in all ways. Likewise, Margaret Sanger’s feminist, contraceptive movement was not originally founded with this purpose. It was marketed as a way to control the population and be merciful to those yet to be born, again determined also by ra ce and intelligence. The similarities in purpose actually brought the two organizations together to form a â€Å"liberating movement† to â€Å"aid women† known today as Planned Parenthood (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). TheRead MoreContraception Is An Entity That Many People Take For Granted1228 Words   |  5 Pagestake for granted. In the past, women did not have any access to contraceptives because they did not exist at the time. As time passed, the thought of contraceptives began to bloom, but the idea was thought to be â€Å"obscene.† This was in a time where women had very few rights, and one of the rights they were forbidden to have was the right to have access to contraceptives and be active in the planning of their families and fertility. Whether in a relationship or not, women who were sexually active facedRead MoreThe Spring Of 1865 And Its Impact On Society897 Words   |  4 Pages1929, the society became more equitable because women began to gain their rights, racial issues began to subside, and consumer consumption began the New Era. During the time between the Reconstruction Era through the beginning of the Gilded Age, many women were under-educated. The Gilded Age helped grow the middle-class. As the middle-class began to grow the female presence in the workforce began to grow as well. This was partly because the women were beginning to gain access to education; most

Differences Between Christianity And Buddhism - 1636 Words

Faith Diversity Introduction Worldview can be described as how a person bases their foundation of how they live, move and have being, it can be ever changing depending on the circumstance or situation (Shelly Miller, 2006). The way a person develops their worldview can depend on many factors, one major factor can be an individual’s faith, and the philosophies of that faith. There will be two faiths that will be discussed in this paper; Christianity and Buddhism will be the faiths in focus along with the effects on the concept of worldview. Common Components and Health Care Christianity. â€Å"For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him† Colossians 1:16 (King James Bible Online). Christianity is a monotheistic religion, meaning there is only one God. God is the creator of the universe, all-powerful, all-knowing, all-present, and all-good (ReligionFacts, 2015). Christians believe that God is actually three persons: the Father, the Son, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit, however the doctrine, called the trinity, argues that Jesus Christ wasn’t actually God (ReligionFacts, 2015). It is the belief that God is only attainable by following the teachings of Jesus Christ, whom was sent to earth to teach from God’s commands, therefore the way to God is through Jesus and his teachings, the Bible. TheShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Christianity And Buddhism1481 Words   |  6 Pagesand spiritual needs. Although physical and emotional needs are equally important, this paper will focus on the patient’s spiritual needs. It specifically will look at the differences and similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. The worldview of both religions will be explored, and a summary will be given of the differences. Common elements of all religions will be examined. Those things that are important to patients of different faiths will be presented with an emphasis on nursing. LastlyRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Buddhism2100 Words   |  9 Pagesof this paper was to examine and discover the similarities and the differences of Christianity and Buddhism in their worldview philosophies and attitude concerning healthcare. A comparative analysis was completed between the two religions as it relates to their respective belief systems, spiritual practices, overview on health and perspective on healing. Although results revealed some similarities, subtle and significant diffe rences do exist. Healthcare providers need to be familiar with these nuancesRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Buddhism1184 Words   |  5 Pagesa person’s spirituality. Christianity is the largest of these religions, with more than 2.2 billion adherents. Buddhism is also another religion practiced that has around 360 million followers. This paper will compare both of these religions according to their worldviews and also tie in their health care implications. A worldview helps to form a person’s thoughts and opinions. It determines someone’s values and decisions in life. Although Christianity and Buddhism are different in many waysRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Buddhism2030 Words   |  9 PagesThis paper is a comparison between two very different religions, specifically Christianity and Buddhism. Coming from opposite sides of the globe these two religions could not be any farther apart in any aspect. I will discuss who Christ is for Christians and who Buddha is for Buddhists. I will also get into the aspects of charity, love, and compassion in both religions and I will be looking at the individual self and how Christians see resurrection where the Buddhists feel about the afterlife. OneRead MoreDifference and Similarities Between Christianity and Four (4) World Religion, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Muslims and Hinduism.2305 Words   |  10 Pages Title: Difference and Similarities between Christianity and Four (4) World Religion, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Muslims and Hinduism. Introduction: In the world today there are many religions of different beliefs with vast numbers of followers. However, some of these religions turn to have similarities and differences which defer them from each another. The following report briefly talks about the differences and similarities between Christianity and other four (4) major world religions and theyRead MoreChristianity And Buddhism : A Nation Of Many Religions Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagestheir life, so they relay themselves on religion. Christianity and Buddhism are two ancient religions which both have being on earth for a long time. Both religions are based on the teachings of one man. Moreover, they have many similarities as well as differences. They both have a place of adoration. For Christians is a church, chapel, cathedral, and may others. For Buddhism is a monastery, nunneries, pagodas, and temples. Both Christianity as Buddhism believe on the adoration of something, which willRead More Comparing Buddhism and Christianity Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Buddhism and Christianity In the early sixth century Christianity was evolving at a rapid pace. The spread of Christianity was not only moving westward through Europe, but it was also moving eastward down the Silk Road. The eastward spread of Christianity was primarily a form of Christianity known as Nestorianism, after the teachings of Nestorius, a fifth century patriarch. By 635 Nestorian Christianity had reached the heart of China spreading through all of Persia and India. DuringRead MoreBuddhism and Christianity1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early sixth century Christianity was evolving at a rapid pace. The spread of Christianity was not only moving westward through Europe, but it was also moving eastward down the Silk Road. The eastward spread of Christianity was primarily a form of Christianity known as Nestorianism, after the teachings of Nestorius, a fifth century patriarch. By 635 Nestorian Christianity had reached the heart of China spreading through all of Persia and India. During the middl e of the seventh century NestorianRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Islam1544 Words   |  7 Pagesreligions are different in many aspects, but respect the opposing religious groups. Examples of these religions are Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity that originated from different regions and cultures. While Buddhism comes from a different background, Islam and Christianity come from the same source, and have spread in similar ways throughout history, however, the three religions have differences in their philosophies and practices. These three religions differ in origin, practices, beliefs, worship, andRead MoreChristianity vs Buddhism923 Words   |  4 Pagestruths,† said by Muhammad Ali. Religion is the belief and reverence for a supernatural power and powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe (2003). The religions I’ve chose to compare and contrast would be non denomination/ Christianity and Buddhism. Each religion would be broken down by their religious belief, religious ritual, and religious experience. The definition of these religious things are: religious belief is a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere, religious

The Salah One of the 5 Pilars of Islam - 829 Words

Ritual Analysis The Salah is one of the 5 Pillars of Islam, signifying it as a key element of Islam. It is practiced throughout the Muslim world in various contexts (alone, in a group, various countries). The Salah is a very ridged and structured ritual that Muslims do multiple times a day. The Salah is a vital ritual in Islam; the layers of meaning that I will be discussing are integrating worship into daily life, submission to God, establishing a community of followers, and finally the implications Salah has when practiced in foreign environments where people are less familiar with the ritual. As the Salah is performed 5 times a day, it effectively incorporates God and prayer into the daily lives of practicing Muslims by requiring them to worship and reflect upon God as their creator and judge. Apart from the frequency of prayer, the Wudu, required cleaning of one’s self before the Salah, further reinforces the importance of not only the ritual, but of God as well (Masjid). Muslims regard this divine interaction with so much reverence that they ensure their bodies are physically clean before showing their devotion to God. This intense connection between a Muslim and God is repeated to ensure that every part of their lives is holy and mindful of God. Salah is a disassociation from daily, profane activities to stand in front of God (Religion of Islam ). With this, one may also reflect upon the nature of God as supreme creator and judge. A central component of the

Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay Free Essays

string(47) " the findings and the aims of the undertaking\." Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) are a engineering for future heavy wavelength-division-multiplexing ( DWDM ) multiterabit systems. HFAs are designed in order to maximise the transmittal length and to minimise the damages of fibre nonlinearities, and to heighten the bandwidth of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) . This undertaking simulates and evaluates the public presentation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers in optical transmittal systems utilizing Optisystem package. We will write a custom essay sample on Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the public presentation of the amplifier is influenced by the parametric quantity of Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure, the job brush in this undertaking is to happen the best design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers. Optisystem package is used as the simulation tools for the whole undertaking. Optisystem package is based on realistic mold of fiber ocular communications systems and serves a broad scope of applications, therefore it is an ideal simulation tools for this undertaking. Aims The aims of the undertaking are: to plan intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers utilizing Optisystem package. to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance in optical transmittal system utilizing the intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. to measure the public presentation of the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on the amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , Noise Figure, and etc. to analyse the fake informations obtained from Optisystem package. Problem Statement Optical amplifiers have become a necessary constituent in long-haul fibre ocular systems due to the demand for longer transmittal lengths. The effects of scattering and fading can be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers. One of the defects of EDFAs is their non flat-gain features across a given optical spectrum. In peculiar, the addition degree is well less at the terminal of the L-band between about 1600 nanometer and 1620 nanometer. Fortunately, the addition degree of such amplifiers can be rendered well level across the L-band window by the usage of addition flattening filters which are optically coupled between the spirals of Er doped fibre. However, the usage of such filters consequences in a higher noise figure in the channels holding wavelengths in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope. The well higher noise figure in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope lowers the useable bandwidth available from such EDFA amplifiers. Raman amplifiers similarly have non-flat addition features. A typical Raman addition degree curve has minimal additions at about 1570 nanometer, 1595 nanometer, and 1620 nanometer, and upper limits at 1585 nanometer and 1610 nanometer. A addition flattening filter can be applied to cut down this fluctuation but will merely be optimized at a individual operating addition value. Additionally, there is the desire to minimise the figure of addition blandishing filters in the system and the loss they incur. Clearly, there is a demand to cut down the maximal Noise Figure in EDFA addition, every bit good as to further flatten the addition curve in Raman-type amplifiers in order to cut down signal losingss throughout the web. The innovation is a intercrossed optical signal amplifier that reduces the maximal Noise Figure of an EDFA while flattening the addition of a Raman amplifier without compromising optical maser pump efficiency. Therefore, this undertaking simulates and evaluates the public presentation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) in optical transmittal systems to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers. Scope This undertaking will concentrate chiefly on the simulation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) utilizing Optisystem package. The public presentation of the amplifier will be evaluated depend on amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation of a individual manner fibre transmittal nexus. The fiction or development of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) will non be covered in this undertaking. Undertaking Outcomes It is expected that at the terminal of the undertaking, a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers can be obtained. Methodology This undertaking starts with the searching of beginning and information respect loanblend Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . The beginning and information are acquired from diary, mention books, e-Books, magazine and cyberspace. The circuit conventional diagram of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is determined from the diary and simulate utilizing Optisystem package. All the parametric quantity likes amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure that determines the public presentation of the HFAs is analyzed. The simulation procedure is repeated until the design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers can be obtained. Thesis Structure Chapter 1: The first chapter provides a general inspiration for the undertaking. It includes the overview of undertaking ; the aims of undertaking, job statement, range of the undertaking and undertaking results. Chapter 2: Undertaking ‘s background is illustrated in this chapter. By and large, this chapter summaries the literature reappraisal that have been studied. The construct and theory of the circuit conventional diagram of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) that is used for simulation will be explained in this chapter. Chapter 3: The 3rd chapter is discussed about the methodological analysis of the undertaking. The method, stuffs and processs used to carry on the undertaking in accomplishing the aims of the undertaking is explained in inside informations. Chapter 4: The chapter four will show all the simulation consequence from the Optisystem package. All the graphs and tabular arraies obtained from the simulation will be discussed in inside informations. Chapter 5: The last chapter will reason all the findings and consequences obtained throughout the undertaking. The consequences will be evaluated based on the findings and the aims of the undertaking. You read "Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay" in category "Essay examples" Recommendations for future surveies besides will be included in this chapter. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Optical Amplifiers Optical amplifiers have become a necessary constituent in long-haul fibre ocular systems due to the demand for longer transmittal lengths. The effects of scattering and fading can be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers. Optical Amplifier has three applications: Supporter In-line Pre-Amplifier The transmittal side of the nexus is operated by a supporter amplifier, having a high input power, medium optical addition, and high end product power. The supporters are designed to magnify aggregative optical input power to make extension. The center of an optical nexus is operated by an inline amplifier. It acts as a medium to moo input power, high end product power, high optical addition, and a low Noise Figure. It is designed for optical elaboration on the chief optical nexus between two web nodes. The having terminal of an optical nexus is operated by a pre-amplifier. It functions as a medium to moo input power, medium end product power, and medium addition. Pre-amplifiers are besides designed for optical elaboration to counterbalance for the losingss in a demultiplexer located near the optical receiving system. 2.1.1 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) really are laser rectifying tubes, with fibre attached to both terminals and do non hold terminal mirrors. The optical signal can comes from either side of the fibre, amplified by the semiconducting material optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , and the signal comes out from the 2nd fibre. They are typically made in little bundle, and work for 1310 nanometer and 1550nm systems. Besides, the decreased size of the SOAs makes it an advantage over regenerators of EDFAs by conveying bidirectional. However, the disadvantage of SOAs includes polarisation dependance, high-coupling loss, and a higher noise figure. Figure 1 demonstrates the rudimentss of a semiconducting material optical amplifier. [ 1 ] Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Figure 2.1: Semiconductor Optical Amplifier [ 1 ] 2.1.2 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA ) Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA ) is an optical amplifier that uses an optical fibre as a addition medium to magnify an optical signal. Rare-earth component Er ions Er3+ dope the nucleus of the optical fibre. There are three possible results for the signal photon, if a optical maser signal with a wavelength between 1520 and 1570 nanometer, and a 974 pump optical maser are fed into an erbium-doped fibre at the same time, as shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Simplified energy degree of Er3+ ions in Erbium-doped fiber [ 2 ] stimulated soaking up: signal photon excites an erbium ion from the province E1 to a higher degree E2 and go annihilated in the procedure stimulated emanation: signal photon stimulates an Er ion at province E2 to disintegrate to E1, bring forthing another indistinguishable photon. Thus the signal is amplified. signal photon can propagate unaffected through the fibre. In the mean while, self-generated emanation ever occurs between degree E2 and degree E1. The population inversion os achieved between the energy degree E2 and E1 of erbium-doped fibre when pump optical maser power is high plenty. Thus, the input laser signal passing through the fibre is so amplified. The erbium-doped fibre and pump optical maser can be used to build an optical amplifier, viz. erbium-doped fibre amplifier ( EDFA ) .Pump optical maser could besides magnify the self-generated emanation. Therefore, ASE is ever present in EDFA, and it ‘s the chief beginning of noise in these amplifiers. [ 2 ] Advantages of EDFA are as follows: It provides high power transportation efficiency from pump to signal power. Large addition. It is polarization-insensitive. High end product power. No matching loss to the transmittal fibre. A individual EDFA can supply addition for multiple wavelengths at the same time. The disadvantages of EDFA are Derive holding wavelength dependence. The difference addition will be obtained when usage with wavelength division multiplexing. Particular fibre design. Presence of amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) . [ 3 ] 2.1.3 Raman Optical Amplifier The Raman optical amplifier consists of a length of addition fibre combine with a pump assembly. The pump assembly contains a brace of pump optical maser rectifying tubes. The end product of a brace of orthogonally polarized pump-diode optical masers offers backward-propagating pump power in the transmittal fibre. Due to the higher-energy ( shorter wavelength ) pump photons scatter off the quiver manners of the optical fibre ‘s lattice matrix and coherently add to lower-energy ( longer wavelength ) signal photons, forward-propagating signals achieve addition in the fibre. There are two types of Raman amplifier: distributed and distinct Raman amplifier. A distributed Raman amplifier is one in which the transmittal fibre is utilized as the addition medium by multiplexing a pump wavelength with signal wavelength, while a distinct Raman amplifier use a dedicated, shorter length of extremely nonlinear fibre to supply elaboration. The advantages of Raman amplifier are: Ultrawide bandwidth elaboration. Low noise. No particular fibre is required. Suppressed nonlinearities public presentation in transmittal systems. [ 4 ] The disadvantages of Raman Amplifier are: Relatively high pump power required. Double Rayleigh sprinkling noise and nonlinear effects when the addition of RA is increased. 2.1.4 Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is a combination of Raman optical amplifier and Erbium Doped fiber amplifier. So, in order to understand HFAs, the feature of Raman optical amplifier and Erbium Doped fiber amplifier is study individually. The characteristic that is being study include operation, advantage and disadvantage of the amplifiers as discuss in the paragraph above. The constellation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers is assuring for high capacity WDM transmittal. The amplifiers yield high-gain, low noise, and high end product power that via media for long distance transmittal. [ 5 ] Figure 2.3: Experimental constellations for the three types of individual pump, intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) [ 6 ] Figure 2.3 shows assorted constellations of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) . Type I: Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF subdivision located after a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . Type I showed a addition of 20.8 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure of Type I was about 7.5 dubniums. Type II: The difference between TypeII with Type Iis that the HFAs recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF subdivision located prior to a DCF. The addition of Type II was 21 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure ofType II wasapproximately5 dubnium. Type Three: Raman assisted EDFA. The peak addition wavelength of TypeIIIwas found to be at 1532 nanometer and the addition was 19 dubnium. The minimal Noise Figure of Type III was about 8 dubnium. [ 8 ] Type II has the larger addition and smaller Noise Figure as comparison to Type I and Type III.Thus, the Type II circuit will be used for simulation in Optisystem package. 2.2 Performance of optical amplifier In the designation of the public presentation of an optical amplifier, some features have been defined. For illustration: addition, noise, optical signal/noise ratio ratio ( OSNR ) , bit error rate, and eye-pattern. 2.2.1 Addition Gain is an of import parametric quantity in amplifiers that measures the elaboration per unit length of fibre. Additions are runing conditions and stuff used dependance. Difference wavelength has difference addition for all stuffs. For a low input powers, the end product power is relative to the addition times the length of fibre: Poutput = Pinput A- Gain A- Length. [ 7 ] The addition may saturate at high input powers. So, the end product power may merely increase in little fraction as input power addition. Basically the optical amplifier has run out of the power it needs to bring forth more end product. 2.2.2 Noise By and large, optical amplifiers will add spontaneously emitted or scattered photons to the signal during the elaboration procedure, and this will do the signal/noise ratio ratio ( SNR ) degrade accordingly. A parameter Noise Figure ( NF ) , which is defined as the SNR ratio between input and end product quantify the SNR degradation.NF= SNRin / SNRout The self-generated emanation can be reduced by an optical filter during pattern. Therefore, the SNR by and large will be dependent on the bandwidth of the optical filters and the spectral power distribution of the self-generated emanation from the amplifier. The self-generated emanation, which is emitted from the amplifier input terminal, may come in the signal beginning ( a semiconducting material optical maser ) , where it can ensue in public presentation perturbations. Therefore, so as to avoid extra noise in the system, it is ever needed to include isolation between amplifier and light beginning. 2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noise ratio can entree the public presentation of optical amplifiers, where it defines by the ratio of end product signal to the background noise. The higher the signal-to-noise ratio indicates the quality of the signal is higher. This means that the public presentation of the amplifier is good. 2.2.4 Bit Error Rate The digital input and end product signals are compared utilizing spot error rates ( or ratio ) measurings to measure what fraction of the spots are received falsely. Bit error rates offer a quantitative measuring of signal quality. The typical acceptable spot error rate is 10-9. [ 8 ] 2.2.5 Eye-Pattern The other ways to measure rapidly the noise public presentation of an optically amplified system are through the usage of â€Å" oculus forms † displayed on the CRO. By the superposition of a random sequence of many 1s and 0 spot, such oculus forms are generated. This give a more qualitative position of the noise impressed on the digital transmittal form. [ 9 ] An illustration of oculus form is shown in Figure 2.4. The end product amplitude is the extremum to top out electromotive force output.Jitter is the divergence of the pulsations signal from their ideal places in clip, measured in picoseconds. Figure 2.4: Example of oculus form at receiving system [ 8 ] 2.3 Optical fibre There are two types of fibre, which is individual manner fibre ( SMF ) and multimode fibre ( MMF ) .Light travel in a consecutive line and typically has a nucleus size of 8 or 10 micrometers doing by a individual manner fibre that has a really little nucleus. It has unlimited bandwidth that can travel unrepeated for over 80 kilometers, depending on the type of conveying equipment. Single manner fibre has immense information capacity, more than multimode fibre. Multimode fibre supports multiple waies of visible radiation and has a much larger nucleus comparison to individual manner fibre. The nucleus size of multimode fibre is typically 50 or 62.5 micrometers. The light travels down a much larger way in multimode fibre, leting the visible radiation to travel down several waies or manners. Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, it will be discuss in more inside informations in the undermentioned paragraph. 2.3.1 Single Mode Fiber ( SMF ) Light is non reflected or refracted within single-mode fibre, but travels merely along the axis of the nucleus as shown in Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5: Light Transmitted through Single-Mode Fiber [ 8 ] Modal scattering does non be in single-mode fibre since merely one manner is propagated. However, single-mode fibre is capable to other causes of pulse distributing such as chromatic scattering. [ 10 ] 2.3.2 Chromatic Dispersion Chromatic scattering is the phenomenon wherein different spectral constituents of the familial lasersignal travel at different speeds in the fibre, geting at different times at the receiving system. It occurs because optical maser beginnings emit a scope of wavelengths: a primary individual wavelength and a narrow scope of secondary wavelengths on either side of this primary wavelength, as shown in Figure 2.6. The different wavelengths travel at somewhat different velocities through the fibre, and hence arrived at the receiving system at different times. This causes distributing, or scattering, of the standard pulsation. As the length of fibre additions, the difference in arrival times besides increases and the pulsations become wider. The end product pulses finally become identical from their neighbours and spot mistakes occur. Figure 2.6: Output Wavelengths of Laser Source [ 9 ] The bandwidth of a fibre decreases as chromatic scattering additions. Fewer spots can be transmitted in a given clip period because each spot will be wider and hence occupy a longer bit period. Chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre. 2.3.3 Dispersion-compensating fibre ( DCF ) By utilizing a really sophisticated fibre profile, it is possible to minimise scattering over the full wavelength scope from 1300 to 1550 nanometer, at the disbursal of really high loss ( around 2 dB/km ) ; this is known as scattering compensatingfiber. This fibre is designed with negative scattering features, so that when used in series with conventional fibre it will â€Å" undisperse † the signal. Dispersion-compensating fibre has a much narrower nucleus than standard single-mode fibre, which makes it susceptible to nonlinear effects. [ 11 ] 2.3.4 Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode Fiber Table 2.0 shows a comparing of multimode fibre and single-mode fibre. Because of the many differences between them, these two types of fibre are by and large non interchangeable. Parameter Multimode Fiber ( MMF ) Single-Mode Fiber ( SMF ) Jacket Color Orange ( 62.5A µm ) or Grey ( 50A µm ) Yellow Light Propagation Multiple waies Single way Core Diameter 62.5 A µm or 50A µm ( older ) 9 A µm Link Length Short: lt ; 1 kilometer Long: 10 kilometer to 100 kilometers Typical Wavelength of Transmitter 850 nanometer ( VSCEL ) 1310 nanometer ( FP ) or 1550 nanometer ( DFB ) Performance-Limiting Factor Modal scattering ( Chromatic scattering is undistinguished ) Chromatic scattering ( Modal scattering does non be ) Attenuation Approximate 3dB/km at 850 nanometers Approximate 0.4 dB/km at 1310 nanometer, 0.2 dB/km at 1550 nanometer Bandwidth Low High Sodium 0.28 0.13 Cost Cheaper More Expensive Table 2.1Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode Fiber Single manner fibre will be used for this undertaking as the transmittal medium since it is used for long distance transmittal, typically 10 kilometers to 100 kilometers. Chapter 3 Methodology This chapter is mentioned about the attack and method used to measure the public presentation of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Content of this chapter include the method usage to roll up the informations, informations analysis and factor considered when taking the attack and method. Figure 3.1: Undertaking Flow Chart This undertaking starts with the rubric that is provided by the supervisor. The rubric of the undertaking is public presentation rating of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . By understanding the undertaking range and demands, a thorough reappraisal on specific subjects were done. Figure 3.1 below shows the undertaking block diagram that usage to measure the performanceof Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The input to the HFAs is signal power and pump power. The public presentation of HFA is evaluated based on end product power, optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , and Bit Error Rate that can be obtained from the simulation consequence of Optical Spectrum Analyzer. The simulation procedure is repeateduntil the maximal end product power, maximal optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio is obtained and the Bit Error Rate is smaller than 10-9. The different value of input and end product value from simulation consequence will be tabular in tabular array and compared to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers. INPUT OUTPUT Figure 3.1: Undertaking block diagram There are different types of optical simulation package available in the market. For illustration: ModeSYS, OptSim, OptiSPICE, and Optisystem. OptiSystem is an advanced optical communicating system simulation bundle for the design, proving and optimisation of virtually any type of optical nexus in the physical bed of a wide spectrum of optical networks.The OptiSystem Component Library includes 100s of constituents that enable users to come in parametric quantities that can be measured from existent devices. Therefore, Optisystem package will be usage to imitate and measure the public presentation of the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. However, the execution of HFAs into Optisystem package will merely be start at PSM 2. Chapter 4 PRELIMINARY RESULT 4.1 Discussion From through reading and research, the circuit that will be utilizing for the simulation is as in Figure 2.3, Type II of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) . From Figure 2.3, the intercrossed amplifier recycling residuary Raman pump with a cascaded EDF subdivision located prior to a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . The Raman pump beginning consists of two optical maser rectifying tubes runing at 1455 nanometer and 1465 nanometer, severally. By uniting the two pump wavelengths with a inactive pump combiner, a entire power of up to 500mW was available. Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, and the chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre. Therefore, a 12.6 kilometer DCF with 0.55 dB/km fading at a wavelength 1550 nanometer was used to counterbalance the fading. The 12.6 kilometers DCF with a group speed scattering of -98 ps/nm/km at 1550 nanometer can supply sufficient scattering for counterbalancing a 70 kilometer long individual manner fibre based transmittal span. By simulation, it is expected to acquire a addition of 21 dubnium and Noise Figure of 5 dubnium. 4.2 Decision At the terminal of the undertaking, it is expected to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Some of the restraints that limit the maximal transmittal distance are pump power, signal power, type and length of fibre used. The public presentation of the HFAs will be evaluated based on the amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation consequence. A addition of 21 dubnium, Noise Figure of 5 dubnium, and bit error rate less than 10-9 should be obtained in simulation consequence. How to cite Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay, Essay examples

Government Interventions on Monopoly Power

Question: Discuss about the Government Interventions on Monopoly Power. Answer: Introduction The reason for choosing this topic is to discuss the various tools and methods adopted by the government to address the economic situation created as a result of market failure from monopoly power. It will provide various ideas of economic concepts which are integral for knowing aspects of market failure, monopoly power etc. Various methods can be adopted by the government to control the market failure caused as a result of monopoly power (Cairns and Calfucura, 2012). This may include implementation of taxes on certain commodities, enforcement of laws and regulations, creating buffer stocks, providing subsidies to certain producers etc. The entire essay is divided into three main sections. The first part acts as introductory information where the topic is being discussed. The second section is the main body which will discuss various aspects of market failure and its types. Different approaches of the government will discuss critically and their advantages and disadvantages will be a nalysed (Rios et al., 2013). Five intervention strategies are being identified namely indirect taxes, use of price caps, and use of subsidies. The other strategies are use of legal intervention and use of information. The final section refers to the concluding statements wherein the important points will be analysed in brief. When referring to pure monopoly it shows a single seller. The cases of pure monopoly are very less. However the aspect of monopoly power is more ambivalent and can be present even in case where there is presence of more than a single supplier. This is possible in the case of markets where only two firms have market power i.e. duopoly and where few firms hold market power i.e. oligopoly. Monopolies are created in case of different situations. It can be when a particular firm has total and exclusive control resources which are scarce (Twomey and Neuhoff, 2010). An example can be cited from UK. The sole business of telephone cables is owned by British Telecom and they are effective in most of the houses and businesses in UK. Monopoly is created when the government provides monopoly status to a single firm like the Post Office. Monopoly is again created when firms are owners of patents and copyrights allowing them exclusive rights to sell the product and protecting the product as intellectual property. For example Windows is a brand name of Microsoft. The contents of the software of this company are protected from users who are unauthorised. Monopoly power is also created when two companies merge to occupy a dominant position in the market. Monopoly power is maintained in many ways. If the company is able to reduce the cost of production and increase the scale of business and volume they will have advantage over new entrants to the market (Ariss, 2010). Often few companies reduce their prices to such an extent that it puts pressure on competing rivals. This is known as predatory pricing. Moreover heavy expenditure on advertising by existing firms hinders new firms from entering the market. This is because new firms lack the capital base for such expenses (Swinnen and Vandeplas, 2010). Again maintaining cont racts between suppliers and retailers gives impetus to monopoly power. It is important to understand how monopoly power leads to market failure. The problem with monopoly is that high profits are made resulting in poor effectiveness of allocation. Those firms having monopoly power try to derive a price from the consumers or buyers which is more than the cost of raw materials which are used for manufacturing the product (Dodgson et al., 2011). Due to the higher prices, the buying capacity of the consumers decline. This leads to needs and wants of the consumers not getting satisfied. This dissatisfaction is a result of the products not being consumed properly. Increase in prices reduces the consumer surplus and impacts the welfare of the consumers. Thus there is a negative impact on the households that have low incomes. Market failure is when the markets are not competitive enough and causes dissatisfaction for the society. Market failure can be either complete or partial. A market fails completely when there is absolute absence of product supply (Gilmore et al., 2010). The market failure is partial when there is functioning of the market but suffers due to wrong quantity of production and wrong pricing. There are various factors leading to market failures. Due to environmental pollution the society has to bear the costs rather than the companies. These are known as negative externalities (Pitelis and Teece, 2010). Again if there the government provides health care and education, the society is benefited over the producers. This is known as the positive externalities. Again market fails when goods having social value are under produced while goods lacking social value are increasingly produced and consumed. Often the private sectors in a free economy charge high prices in order to derive profits on pure and quasi public goods. This leads to dissatisfaction and needs not being met. Market dominance leads lack of supply and increased prices damaging welfare of the consumers (Stiglitz, 2010). Another reason of market failure is factor immobility which leads to unemployment and harm to efficiency in production. Often inequality in distribution of income and social exclusion lead to market failure. Potential advantages of monopoly power It is true that market domination and monopoly power has a negative impact over consumers and results in lack of supply and market failure. However there are certain possible benefits of monopoly power. Monopoly power leads to economies of scale. Consumers will benefit in the long run since the average costs will be constant and eventually the prices will get lowered. Thus it is always beneficiary that public services are run by a single organisation so that there is a fixed pricing (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2013). However monopoly power always does not lead to economies of scale. Hence there is no certainty that the average prices will be lowered in the future leading to reduced prices. Monopoly power can also help in research and development. The supernormal profits can be utilised for investment in novel products and innovations which will eventually help the consumers in the future. This can be related with the oil and gas industry. Again domestic monopoly might face competition fr om the international markets which will force them to reduce costs leading to efficiency and economies of scale (Rubalcaba et al., 2010). There are various methods by which government can put checks and measures on monopoly power and improve upon the situation of market failure. Some of them will be discussed below- Use of indirect taxes- Indirect taxes refers to the tax which the government imposes on the producers to increase the cost of supply. This can be showed with the help of diagrams. The vertical distances between two supply curves refer to the amount of tax. Hence due to the presence of taxes the supply becomes less at every price level (Sakovics and Steiner, 2012). As a result of the lowering supply the market price increases leading to the demand fall. Thus a new equilibrium output is established. There are different kinds of indirect taxes. There may be a specified tax wherein it is directed that a certain amount of tax will be charged on a single unit of the product sold (Pirard, 2012). For example, the government may charge 6 as tax for one kg of sugar that is being sold. Another kind of indirect tax is ad valorem tax which refers to a percentage of tax charged on the unit price of a product. Suppose the price of one cigarette is 2, the government may charge 10% as ad valorem tax on the price. The main form of ad valorem tax which is charged in UK is in the form of value added tax i.e. VAT. Currently value added tax contributes to a revenue of over 100 billion pounds to UK treasury and public funds every year (Salanie, 2011). The taxes levied on fuel provide more than 25 billion pounds of revenue every year. UK government generates almost 10 billion pounds form levying tax on tobacco products every year. Duties paid for flight passengers generates up to 3 billion pounds for the government every year. Thus from the diagram it can be inferred that ad valorem taxes may cause significant shifts in the supply curve. This is due to tax being a percentage of the unit cost of supplying a product. In UK the standard rate of value added tax is 20%. Thus a product that will usually cost 50 pounds will cost 60 pounds after the value added tax is levied (Aaron and Boskin, 2011). However the problem of indirect taxes is that the producers increase their prices by adding the tax rates and the ultimate bearer of the burden are the consumers. Government subsidies- Subsidy refers to any kind of support by the government usually financial in nature. These are usually offered to a class of producers and at some times to the consumers. For every unit of product receiving subsidy the market supply curve shifts outwards. This results in the equilibrium price becoming low. Hence the total expenditure on subsidy can be calculated as the subsidy provided for a single unit multiplied by production level. Thus subsidies can be used by the government for various reasons. The reasons can be social, political or economic (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2016). Subsidies help loss making industries in times of recession by protecting jobs. With the help of subsidies health care facilities and treatments become affordable and accessible. Subsidies encourage investment in small industries and this leads to increased output. The government provides subsidies to poor families in the form expenses for child care and food subsidies. With the help of subsidies the companies can lower the expenses for training and hiring employees (Brown et al., 2011). Price caps- Maximum prices or price caps are used by the government to hinder the market prices from increasing at a certain level. Price caps or maximum prices are in several forms. The government can set a ceiling for house rents. This is for the protection of poor tenants from being manipulated and ill treated (Walras, 2013). The government also applies maximum prices on energy resources to reduce fuel bills. Water companies are also given direction to maintain a certain price on its supply. Money lenders also have to adhere to limits in terms of charging interest rates. Hence price caps ensure that there is healthy competition in the market. It is done for the welfare of the consumers. It also induces the businesses to reduce the costs to gain profits. However caps on prices reduce profits and discourages investors (Blair and Kaserman, 2014). The firms raise their prices leading to pressure on the ultimate consumer. Governments role in information sharing- Market failure often occurs if people consume products which have negative externalities i.e. increase social costs over private costs. Thus the government carries out campaigns informing people and they set minimum age for consumption. Laws and regulation- The government controls monopoly with the help of anti monopoly laws like competition laws (Gual and Mas, 2011). These legislations try to remove unhealthy competition, prevent unfair discrimination of prices and they fix the prices to be competitive. Conclusion From the above discussion various economic concepts can be understood. The concept of monopoly power has been discussed with the help of diagrams. It is a misnomer that there are only demerits of monopoly power. Monopoly if used constructively by the companies can benefit the service users in the long run. Market failure can be attributed to various reasons. They can be tackled with the help of different government methods of intervention. References Aaron, H., Boskin, M. (Eds.). (2011).The economics of taxation(Vol. 13). Brookings Institution Press. Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A. (2013). Economics versus politics: Pitfalls of policy advice.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,27(2), 173-192. Ariss, R. T. (2010). On the implications of market power in banking: Evidence from developing countries.Journal of banking Finance,34(4), 765-775. Blair, R. D., Kaserman, D. L. (2014).Law and economics of vertical integration and control. Academic Press. Brown, A. J., Merkl, C., Snower, D. J. (2011). 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Market power and rents in global supply chains.Agricultural Economics,41(s1), 109-120. Twomey, P., Neuhoff, K. (2010). Wind power and market power in competitive markets.Energy Policy,38(7), 3198-3210. Walras, L. (2013).Elements of pure economics. Routledge.